# Data and Code for: Silence to Solidarity: How Communication About a Minority Affects Discrimination

**Author:** Duncan Webb (Nova School of Business and Economics)

**Citation:** Webb, Duncan. "Silence to Solidarity: How Communication About a Minority Affects Discrimination." *Journal of Political Economy* (forthcoming).

## Overview

This replication package constructs the analysis dataset from the raw survey data collected and undertakes the analysis. The replication package consists of a total of 33 scripts (including custom packages and functions used) in R and Python. The output generated by each file and the corresponding table in the main text is specified below.

## Data Availability and Provenance Statements

**Data Source:** All raw data in this replication package was generated by the field experiment described in the paper. No external datasets were used.

The data was collected by the author through survey methods, with financial support from JPAL's Crime and Violence Initiative, EUR-PgSE, the Weiss Fund, and CEPREMAP.

All of the raw data is provided for publication and included in this replication package post-anonymization. A detailed description of all the data files can be found in `data/Data Dictionary - Silence to Solidarity.xlsx`.

The analysis uses LLM generated data - the data used is provided as 'raw' data and code used to generate it is also included in the replication package.

All of the questionnaires used in the survey are also provided in the replication package.

## Statement about Rights

- I certify that the author(s) of the manuscript have legitimate access to and permission to use the data used in this manuscript.
- I certify that the author(s) of the manuscript have documented permission to redistribute/publish the data contained within this replication package.
- The author will provide reasonable assistance to requests for clarification and replication.

## Summary of Availability

- All of the non-anonymized raw data has been provided for data editor
- All data are publicly available post-anonymization of the raw data
- Data and code will be preserved for at least 5 years following journal policy

## Pre-Registration

https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/10953

## Ethics

IRB approval documents are included in a separate folder in the replication package

## Details on each Data Source

The table below documents the key raw data sources for the paper. A more detailed data dictionary of all the files can also be found in `data/Data Dictionary - Silence to Solidarity.xlsx`. A codebook with details on the variables can be found in `data/CODEBOOK.txt`.

The data dictionary includes a "Data Type" column that distinguishes between:

- **Raw**: Data collected from surveys or external sources (not generated by the analysis code)
- **Intermediary**: Data files generated by the analysis code (created from raw data through processing)
- **Output**: Final analysis outputs (tables, figures, etc.)
- **Reference**: Documentation files (questionnaires, etc.)

| Data File | Location | Data Type | Provided for Publication | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GRI Main v2_wide.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | main survey results for phase 1 |
| GRI Phase 2_wide.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | main survey results for phase 2 |
| GRI Follow Up Delivery v3_WIDE.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | follow up survey for phase 1 |
| GRI Follow Up Delivery - Phase 2_WIDE.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | follow up survey for phase 2 |
| Trans Pilot_WIDE.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | supplementary data from pilot |
| Trans_recog_wide_anon.csv | data/cleaned/ | Raw | Yes | anonymised supplementary data from pilot |
| randomisation_details.csv | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | contains details of randomisation for phase 1 |
| randomisation_details_phase2.csv | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | contains details of randomisation for phase 2 |
| corrections.xlsx | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | contains corrections of IDs |
| data_cleaned.RData | data/cleaned/ | Intermediary | Yes | merged and anonymised dataset of the above files |
| data_cleaned.dta | data/cleaned/ | Intermediary | Yes | merged and anonymised dataset of the above files |
| main_questionnaire_v3.xlsx | questionnaire/ | Reference | Yes | questionnaire with data labels for phase 1 |
| main_questionnaire_v4.xlsx | questionnaire/ | Reference | Yes | questionnaire with data labels for phase 2 |
| harmonise_reasons.csv | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | list of harmonised reasons for choice of delivery |
| harmonise_reasons_collapse.csv | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | list of harmonised reasons for choice of delivery |
| other_data_inputs.xlsx | data/raw/ | Raw | Yes | Labels and socially desirable answers for the Crowne-Marlow social desirability score |
| lasso_control.RData | data/cleaned/ | Intermediary | Yes | LASSO controls selected in the main specification |
| photo_rating_survey.sav | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/ | Raw | No | dataset with responses to photo rating survey |
| photo_rating_survey_anon.sav | data/photo_rating_survey/ | Raw | Yes | anonymised dataset with responses to photo rating survey |
| photo_IDs.xlsx | data/photo_rating_survey/ | Raw | Yes | IDs for photo rating survey |
| photo_rating_survey_anon.csv | data/photo_rating_survey/ | Intermediary | Yes | anonymised dataset with cleaned and merged responses to photo rating survey |
| transcripts Madhavan.xlsx | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/transcripts/ | Raw | No | raw discussion transcripts in Tamil |
| transcripts Prakash.xlsx | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/transcripts/ | Raw | No | raw discussion transcripts in Tamil |
| transcripts Sathya.xlsx | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/transcripts/ | Raw | No | raw discussion transcripts in Tamil |
| transcripts_IDs.xlsx | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/transcripts/ | Raw | No | raw discussion transcripts in Tamil |
| translation_1.txt to translation_283.txt | data/confidential-not-for-publication/raw/transcripts_translations/ | Raw | No | translated individual transcripts in English |
| transcripts_for_translation.csv | data/confidential-not-for-publication/cleaned/ | Raw | No | intermediate file for translation purposes |
| transcripts_clean.RData | data/cleaned/ | Intermediary | Yes | merged, cleaned, and translated transcripts with English and Tamil text |
| transcripts_clean.csv | data/cleaned/ | Intermediary | Yes | merged, cleaned, and translated transcripts with English and Tamil text |
| completed_rows.csv | data/morality_analysis/ | Intermediary | Yes | LLM generated dataset on analysis of moral topics |
| expanded_dataset.csv | data/morality_analysis/ | Intermediary | Yes | LLM expansion of dataset on repetition of random moral topics |
| final_analysis.csv | data/morality_analysis/ | Intermediary | Yes | LLM analysis of dataset on moral topics with ratings |

# Computational requirements

## Software Requirements

- The replication package contains one or more programs to install all dependencies and set up the necessary directory structure.

### R 4.5.0

- The program `0b_functions.R` lists all packages used with the installation code if necessary
- Packages used - `tidyverse`, `qval`, `dups`, `trackr`, `readxl`, `knitr`, `modelsummary`, `rstatix`, `ggsignif`, `ggpubr`, `stringdist`, `lubridate`, `fixest`, `corrplot`, `xtable`, `kableExtra`, `ggpattern`, `tictoc`, `janitor`, `hdm`, `randomizr`, `ri2`, `ggplot2`, `ggmap`, `dplyr`, `haven`, `Hmisc`, `magrittr`, `ggh4x`, `tidytext`, `wordcloud`, `igraph`, `topicmodels`, `treemap`, `RColorBrewer`, `Rtsne`, `cluster`, `lsa`, `Matrix`, `httr`, `jsonlite`, `openai`, `psych`, `stringr`, `sandwich`, `lmtest`, `margins`, `ICC`
- The necessary package versions utilized in the scripts are stored in the `code/r-requirements.txt` file - please ensure the correct versions used

### Python 3.14.0

- Packages used - `numpy`, `pandas`, `openai`, `cosine_similarity`, `pickle`

### Brew

- Saving figures use a custom function which necessitates xquartz to be installed on your computer
- You can do so from their website or by running the following code from the command line/terminal: `brew install --cask xquartz`

## Memory, Runtime, Storage Requirements

### Summary

Approximate time needed to reproduce the analyses on a standard 2025 desktop machine:

- 2-8 hours if running without LLM code
- 8-24 hours if running with LLM code

Approximate storage space needed:

- 250 MB - 2 GB

Approximate memory (RAM) needed:

- 70 GB total (can use virtual memory/swap if physical RAM is insufficient)
- On systems with limited RAM, R can be configured to use disk-based memory by increasing swap space or using memory-mapped files

### Details

The code was last run on a 10-core Apple M4 device with MacOS version 15.6.1 with 100GB of free space and 64GB of RAM (with additional swap space enabled).

# Description of programs/code

- Master File - `0_master.R` will run all of the code scripts
- File `1_import.R` is provided for the data editor only as it utilizes non-anonymized data which is not shared for publication. The master file code will run
- File `17_import_transcripts.R` is provided for the data editor only as it utilizes non-translated data which is not shared for publication

# Instructions to Replicators

- Edit `code/0_master.R` to adjust the working directory
- Custom packages and functions used are included in the script files `0a*` to `0d*`
- Set `rerun_llm <- TRUE` in the master file to redo analysis of LLM based analysis. Set to `FALSE` as default
- API keys
  - Parts of the code requires API keys for Google Maps and Open AI, specified below
    - Google Maps:
      - File: `10_results_descriptives.R`, Line: 503
    - Open AI:
      - File: `18_generate_embeddings.py`, Line: 7
      - File: `22_llm_rate_transcripts.R`, Line: 1
      - File: `24_ml_hypothesis_generation.R`, Line: 1
      - File: `25_ml_hypothesis_process.R`, Line: 17
  - Details of where to insert API keys are also stored in `code/API.txt`
- Download the data files referenced in the data dictionary. Each should be stored in the prepared & specified subdirectories of `data/`, in the format that you download them in. Do not unzip. No further action is needed on the replicator's part.
- Run `code/0_master.R` to run all steps in sequence.

# Details of code files

- `0a_dups.R`, `0a_qval.R`, `0a_trackr.R`: Loads custom packages with the correct version
- `0b_functions.R`: Loads and installs (if necessary) all packages required in the code files. Contains custom functions used
  - Please ensure correct package version installation in `code/r-requirements.txt`
- `0c_lasso_controls.R`: Contains functions used in selecting lasso controls methods
- `0d_ri_functions.R`: Contains functions used to conduct randomization inference and calculate randomization inference p-values
- `1_import.R`: Loads raw datasets and merges them across phases, anonymizes and cleans datasets. **Only for data editor**
- `2_prep_dfs.R`: Cleans datasets and preps them for analysis
- `3_results_prep.R`: Sets up environment variables that are applicable to multiple scripts
- `4_result_main.R`: Main script for analysis results
- `5_results_videos.R`: Script for analysis of results related to videos shown regarding legality of discrimination
- `6_follow_up.R`: Script for analysis of follow up data & persistence of effects
- `7_results_mechs.R`: Main script for analysis of mechanisms for explaining results
- `8_results_appendix.R`: Script for results showed in the appendix.
  - Note - this script may prompt you to update the marginaleffects package, the code works irrespective of the option you choose. If you choose to update, there will be a prompt for selection where you should enter the CRAN mirror for your geographical region. If you choose to update it, the package may need to be downgraded to the correct version as per r-requirements.txt before running the code file again.
- `9_results_mechs_discussion.R`: Script for mechanism analysis and results
- `10_results_descriptives.R`: Script for creating descriptive tables and figures
- `11_balance.R`: Script for creating balance tables across phases and treatment
- `12_protocol_fidelity.R`: Script for checking robustness to issues with fidelity of the experimental protocol
- `13_weighting.R`: Script for creating sampling weights table
- `14_export_lasso_controls.R`: Script for lasso controls table
- `15_discussion_dynamics.R`: Script for analysis of discussion dynamics
- `16_photo_rating_survey.R`: Script for analysis of photo rating survey responses
- `17_import_transcripts.R`: Script for importing, cleaning and preparing transcript files. Generates intermediate files for translation as well. **Only for data editor**
- `18_generate_embeddings.py`: Script for analyzing transcripts and generating embedded quotes for further analysis
- `19_analyse_transcripts.R`: Script for analysis of transcripts
- `20_analyse_embeddings.R`: Script for analysis of embedded quotes in transcripts
- `21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R`: Script for analyzing heterogeneity by type of discussion
- `22_llm_rate_transcripts.R`: Script for using LLM to rate morality of transcripts
- `23_analyse_transcript_morality.R`: Script for analyzing morality rating generated by LLM
- `24_ml_hypothesis_generation.R`: Script to generate hypotheses about differences between transcripts, using LLMs
- `25_ml_hypothesis_process.R`: Script to test hypotheses about differences between transcripts, using LLMs
- `26_discussion_debrief.R`: Script for analyzing results of post-discussion debriefs
- `27_intensity_pref.R`: Script for individual level willingness to pay to choose transgender worker

# List of tables and programs

Below is a list of all the tables and figures from the text along with the stored location in the replication package and the code file that generates it. The first part shows the locations and file names for the main text tables and figures while the second part of the table contains the same for the Appendix.

## Main Text

| Fig/Table # | Program                          | Line | Output file                                       |
| ----------- | -------------------------------- | ---- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Table 1     | 4_result_main.R                  | 199  | outputs/tables/main_table.tex                     |
| Table 2     | 5_result_videos.R                | 119  | outputs/tables/videos.tex                         |
| Table 3     | 6_follow_up.R                    | 67   | outputs/tables/follow_up.tex                      |
| Table 4     | 4_result_main.R                  | 656  | outputs/tables/mechs_combine_r1_r2.tex            |
| Table 5     | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 858  | outputs/tables/effect_of_announce_sob_discrim.tex |
| Table 6     | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 178  | outputs/tables/models_morality.tex                |
| Figure 4    | 4_result_main.R                  | 124  | output/figs/main_graph_point.pdf                  |
| Figure 5    | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R    | 481  | outputs/figs/het_by_posneg_discussion.pdf         |

## Appendix

| Fig/Table # | Program                          | Line     | Output file                                            |
| ----------- | -------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| Table A3    | 10_results_descriptive.R         | 413      | outputs/table/trans_recog_matrix.tex                   |
| Table A4    | 11_balance.R                     | 113      | outputs/tables/balance_pooled.tex                      |
| Table A5    | 11_balance.R                     | 67       | outputs/tables/balance_videos.tex                      |
| Table A6    | 11_balance.R                     | 170      | outputs/tables/balance_phase_2.tex                     |
| Table A7    | 5_results_videos.R               | 292      | outputs/tables/control_vid_only.tex                    |
| Table A8    | 6_follow_up.R                    | 332      | outputs/tables/follow_up_video.tex                     |
| Figure A9   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 44       | outputs/figs/Wtp_by_item_diff.pdf                      |
| Table A10   | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2042     | outputs/tables/dominates_table_split_sample.tex        |
| Figure A11  | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R    | 749      | outputs/figs/het_by_posneg_discussion_predictions.pdf  |
| Figure A12  | 8_results_appendix.R             | 269      | outputs/figs/r2_summ_mf.pdf                            |
| Table A13   | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 282      | outputs/tables/transcript_cluster_quotes.tex           |
| Figure A14  | 25_ml_hypothesis_process.R       | 531      | outputs/figs/hypothesis_effects_fct.pdf                |
| Table A15   | 6_follow_up.R                    | 173      | outputs/tables/Differential_attrition.tex              |
| Table A16   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 1116     | outputs/tables/r1_main.tex                             |
| Figure A17  | 27_intensity_pref.R              | 75       | outputs/figs/pref_distribution.pdf                     |
| Figure A18  | 7_results_mech.R                 | 874      | outputs/figs/Group_predic_phase_2.pdf                  |
| Table A19   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 1720     | outputs/tables/mediation.tex                           |
| Table A20   | 6_follow_up.R                    | 503      | outputs/tables/Mechs_follow_up.tex                     |
| Table A21   | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 51       | outputs/tables/discussion_dominance.tex                |
| Figure A22  | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 467      | outputs/figs/debrief_spoke_differences_bar.pdf         |
| Figure A23  | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 231      | outputs/figs/reasons_r1_categories.pdf                 |
| Figure A24  | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 245      | outputs/figs/word_cloud.pdf                            |
| Table A25   | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2421     | outputs/tables/het_group_characs.tex                   |
| Table B26   | 12_protocol_fidelity.R           | 72       | outputs/tables/protocol_fidelity.tex                   |
| Table F1    | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2621     | outputs/tables/main_phase_2_pooled.tex                 |
| Table F2    | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 640      | outputs/tables/effect_of_announce.tex                  |
| Table F3    | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 1066     | outputs/tables/effect_of_listening.tex                 |
| Table G1    | 14_export_lasso_controls.R       | 38       | outputs/tables/lasso_controls.tex                      |
| Table I2    | 8_results_appendix.R             | 139      | outputs/tables/item_sensitivity.tex                    |
| Table I3    | 7_results_mech.R                 | 197, 308 | outputs/tables/norms.tex, outputs/tables/attitudes.tex |
| Table I4    | 8_results_appendix.R             | 204      | outputs/tables/statistical_discrim.tex                 |
| Table I5    | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2499     | outputs/tables/basic_het.tex                           |
| Table J6    | 5_results_videos.R               | 568      | outputs/tables/law_checks.tex                          |
| Table J7    | 5_results_videos.R               | 636      | outputs/tables/video_interactions.tex                  |
| Table J8    | 5_results_videos.R               | 465      | outputs/tables/video_mechs_combined.tex                |
| Table L9    | 16_photo_rating_survey.R         | 271      | outputs/tables/photo_rating_survey_diff.tex            |
| Table L10   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 1538     | outputs/tables/anon_choices.tex                        |
| Table L11   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 1392     | outputs/tables/confounders.tex                         |
| Figure L12  | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 62       | outputs/figs/purpose_barchart.pdf                      |
| Table L13   | 7_results_mech.R                 | 1473     | outputs/tables/confounder_interactions.tex             |
| Table L14   | 5_results_videos.R               | 954      | output/tables/confounder_interactions_video.tex        |
| Table L15   | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1056     | outputs/tables/high_stakes.tex                         |
| Table L16   | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 207      | outputs/tables/enumerator_influence.tex                |

## In-Text Numbers

The table below documents the in-text statistics used in the main.tex file, ordered by their first appearance in the document.

| Output File                                      | Program                          | Line | Tex File Reference |
| ------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------- | ---- | ------------------ |
| outputs/stats/total_n.tex                        | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 524  | 477, 1111, 1143, 1722 |
| outputs/stats/prop_attitude_control_round.tex    | 7_results_mechs.R                | 222  | 477, 1175, 1658    |
| outputs/stats/baseline_discrim_round.tex         | 4_results_main.R                 | 223  | 570, 1143          |
| outputs/stats/baseline_discrim_perc.tex          | 4_results_main.R                 | 228  | 570                |
| outputs/stats/wtp_control_hh_exp.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 106  | 570, 1143, 2479    |
| outputs/stats/prop_neighbours_knew_each_other.tex | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 542  | 596, 1800          |
| outputs/stats/main_treatment_effect.tex          | 4_results_main.R                 | 224  | 601, 2414          |
| outputs/stats/main_treatment_effect_perc.tex     | 4_results_main.R                 | 231  | 601                |
| outputs/stats/treatment_discrim_p.tex            | 4_results_main.R                 | 255  | 601, 2414          |
| outputs/stats/effect_discussion_follow_up.tex    | 6_follow_up.R                    | 96   | 601, 2877          |
| outputs/stats/p_val_discussion_follow_up.tex     | 6_follow_up.R                    | 89   | 601, 2877          |
| outputs/stats/p_vals_vid_discuss_interact.tex    | 5_results_videos.R               | 659  | 620, 6833          |
| outputs/stats/effect_law_video.tex               | 5_results_videos.R               | 140  | 624, 2644          |
| outputs/stats/p_val_min_video_messaging_vs_law.tex | 5_results_videos.R             | 146  | 624, 2644          |
| outputs/stats/p_val_max_video_messaging_vs_law.tex | 5_results_videos.R             | 152  | 624, 2644          |
| outputs/stats/effect_law_vs_discussion.tex       | 5_results_videos.R               | 157  | 625, 1326, 2646    |
| outputs/stats/persuasion_rate.tex                | 4_results_main.R                 | 529  | 648, 4174, 4353    |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_discrim_het_coeff.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R | 883  | 673, 3437          |
| outputs/stats/perc_spoke_first.tex               | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 65   | 704, 3716          |
| outputs/stats/perc_dominant.tex                  | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 76   | 704, 3716          |
| outputs/stats/ratio_pro_anti_transcripts.tex     | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 578  | 704, 3670          |
| outputs/stats/pref_prob_control.tex              | 27_intensity_pref.R              | 38   | 704, 3703          |
| outputs/stats/ratio_pos_neg_mentions.tex         | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 284  | 1189               |
| outputs/stats/effect_discussion_r1.tex           | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1319 | 1189, 3667         |
| outputs/stats/follow_up_lag_mean_round.tex       | 6_follow_up.R                    | 119  | 1319               |
| outputs/stats/control_awareness.tex              | 5_results_videos.R               | 586  | 1663               |
| outputs/stats/have_ordered_from_app.tex          | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1201 | 1665               |
| outputs/stats/taken_part_market_research.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1206 | 1665               |
| outputs/stats/purpose_0_mean.tex                 | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1408 | 1794, 7277         |
| outputs/stats/prop_neighbours_relations.tex      | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 548  | 1800               |
| outputs/stats/prop_neighbours_neighbour.tex      | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 553  | 1800               |
| outputs/stats/prop_female.tex                    | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 558  | 1800               |
| outputs/stats/prop_receive_delivery_female.tex   | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 570  | 1800               |
| outputs/stats/prop_receive_delivery_male.tex     | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 577  | 1800               |
| outputs/stats/prop_trans_recog.tex               | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 474  | 1837, 4856         |
| outputs/stats/item_set_1_value.tex               | 2_prep_dfs.R                     | 1557 | 1841               |
| outputs/stats/item_set_2_value.tex               | 2_prep_dfs.R                     | 1561 | 1841               |
| outputs/stats/item_set_3_value.tex               | 2_prep_dfs.R                     | 1565 | 1841               |
| outputs/stats/practice_check_correct.tex         | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1230 | 1878               |
| outputs/stats/hiring_check_correct.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1255 | 1878               |
| outputs/stats/prop_audio_consent.tex             | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 636  | 2239               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_audio_refused.tex            | 8_results_appendix.R             | 433  | 2239               |
| outputs/stats/follow_up_lag_mean.tex             | 6_follow_up.R                    | 114  | 2328, 2794         |
| outputs/stats/follow_up_lag_sd.tex               | 6_follow_up.R                    | 125  | 2328, 2794         |
| outputs/stats/baseline_discrim.tex               | 4_results_main.R                 | 222  | 2414               |
| outputs/stats/p_choose_trans_control.tex         | 8_results_appendix.R             | 280  | 2433, 2487         |
| outputs/stats/wtp_control.tex                    | 7_results_mechs.R                | 103  | 2479, 4993         |
| outputs/stats/wtp_treat.tex                      | 7_results_mechs.R                | 110  | 2479, 4993         |
| outputs/stats/wtp_treat_p_val.tex                | 7_results_mechs.R                | 62   | 2479               |
| outputs/stats/prop_when_dominates.tex            | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2067 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/prop_when_dominates_treat.tex      | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2068 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_when_dominates_treat.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2070 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_only_dominates.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2071 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_when_dominated.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2073 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_only_dominated.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2074 | 2485               |
| outputs/stats/p_choose_female.tex                | 8_results_appendix.R             | 275  | 2487               |
| outputs/stats/p_choose_trans_treat.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 285  | 2487               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_trans_vs_men_control.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 301  | 2487               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_trans_vs_men_treat.tex       | 8_results_appendix.R             | 309  | 2487               |
| outputs/stats/effect_messaging_video.tex         | 5_results_videos.R               | 136  | 2644               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_vid_vs_discussion.tex        | 5_results_videos.R               | 165  | 2646               |
| outputs/stats/attrition_perc.tex                 | 6_follow_up.R                    | 154  | 2794, 5967         |
| outputs/stats/prop_purple.tex                    | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 683  | 2819               |
| outputs/stats/follow_up_video_pvals.tex          | 6_follow_up.R                    | 351  | 2878               |
| outputs/stats/effect_listener.tex                | 4_results_main.R                 | 438  | 3231, 4351         |
| outputs/stats/p_val_listener_speaker.tex         | 4_results_main.R                 | 471  | 3231, 4351         |
| outputs/stats/p_val_listener_full_discussion.tex | 4_results_main.R                 | 476  | 3231, 4351         |
| outputs/stats/coeff_listener_fu.tex              | 6_follow_up.R                    | 522  | 3231, 4353         |
| outputs/stats/p_val_listener_fu.tex              | 6_follow_up.R                    | 521  | 3231, 4353         |
| outputs/stats/anon_effect_listener.tex           | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1566 | 3231               |
| outputs/stats/anon_effect_listener_p.tex         | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1569 | 3231               |
| outputs/stats/het_by_posneg_discussion_full_coeff.tex | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R | 346  | 3244, 3281, 5047   |
| outputs/stats/het_by_posneg_discussion_listener_coeff.tex | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R | 350 | 3244              |
| outputs/stats/effect_norms_group.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 331  | 3339, 4245         |
| outputs/stats/p_val_group_norms.tex              | 7_results_mechs.R                | 303  | 3339               |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_sob_coeff.tex   | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 869  | 3437               |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_sob_p.tex       | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 872  | 3437               |
| outputs/stats/misper_public_pval.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 887  | 3437, 4244         |
| outputs/stats/effect_r1_public.tex               | 4_results_main.R                 | 683  | 3437               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_r1_public.tex                | 4_results_main.R                 | 678  | 3437, 3750, 4301   |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_discrim_private_coeff.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R | 876 | 3437              |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_discrim_private_p.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R | 879 | 3437              |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_discrim_het_p.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R   | 886  | 3437               |
| outputs/stats/prop_attitude_control.tex          | 7_results_mechs.R                | 217  | 3503, 4385         |
| outputs/stats/prop_attitude_treat.tex            | 7_results_mechs.R                | 227  | 3503, 4385         |
| outputs/stats/attitude_p_val.tex                 | 7_results_mechs.R                | 229  | 3503, 4385         |
| outputs/stats/mediation_attitude_p.tex           | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1781 | 3503               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_list_experiment.tex          | 7_results_mechs.R                | 243  | 3503               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_belief_reliability_discussion.tex | 7_results_mechs.R           | 239  | 3505               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_effect_on_statistical_discrim.tex | 8_results_appendix.R        | 215  | 3505, 6715         |
| outputs/stats/effect_trans_discussion_r1.tex     | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1322 | 3667               |
| outputs/stats/mean_pro_transcripts.tex           | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 579  | 3670               |
| outputs/stats/mean_anti_transcripts.tex          | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 580  | 3670               |
| outputs/stats/pval_pro_transcripts.tex           | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 584  | 3670               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_spoke_first_trans.tex        | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 64   | 3716               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_first_p_val.tex              | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 81   | 3716               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_dominant.tex                 | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 75   | 3716               |
| outputs/stats/dominant_p_val.tex                 | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 82   | 3716               |
| outputs/stats/ri_p_icc_private_public.tex        | 8_results_appendix.R             | 695  | 3750, 4302         |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_dd2_pval.tex       | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 480  | 3754               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_dd5_pval.tex       | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 481  | 3754               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_dd3_coeff.tex      | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 475  | 3759               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_dd3_prop_increase.tex | 26_discussion_debrief.R       | 476  | 3759               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_dd3_pval.tex       | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 474  | 3759               |
| outputs/stats/het_by_posneg_discussion_full_predic_intercept.tex | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R | 612 | 3832, 3832    |
| outputs/stats/het_by_posneg_discussion_listener_pval.tex | 21_het_by_posneg_discussion.R | 485 | 3832              |
| outputs/stats/misper_diff_control.tex            | 7_results_mechs.R                | 796  | 3864, 4229, 4245   |
| outputs/stats/pval_misper_control_alt.tex        | 7_results_mechs.R                | 810  | 3864               |
| outputs/stats/misper_diff_treat.tex              | 7_results_mechs.R                | 804  | 3864               |
| outputs/stats/pval_misper_treat_alt.tex          | 7_results_mechs.R                | 815  | 3864               |
| outputs/stats/pval_misper_pair_speakers.tex      | 7_results_mechs.R                | 828  | 3864               |
| outputs/stats/top_quote.tex                      | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 595  | 3979               |
| outputs/stats/top_quote_no_trans.tex             | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 602  | 3979               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_transcript_cluster_1.tex     | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 296  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/pval_transcript_cluster_1.tex      | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 289  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_transcript_cluster_2.tex     | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 310  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/pval_transcript_cluster_2.tex      | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 303  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_transcript_cluster_12.tex    | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 325  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/pval_transcript_cluster_12.tex     | 20_analyse_embeddings.R          | 318  | 3981               |
| outputs/stats/pval_hypothesis_effects_fct_language_proficiency.tex | 25_ml_hypothesis_process.R | 558 | 4005           |
| outputs/stats/pval_hypothesis_effects_fct_delivery_performance.tex | 25_ml_hypothesis_process.R | 566 | 4005           |
| outputs/stats/effect_pro_social.tex              | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 106  | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/effect_pro_social_p.tex            | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 105  | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/rsn_pro_social.tex                 | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 1700 | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_discussion_pro_social.tex    | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 1377 | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/perc_discussion_pro_social_ratio.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R   | 1382 | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_discussion_pro_social.tex    | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 1370 | 4013               |
| outputs/stats/morality_mean_non_trans.tex        | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 43   | 4031               |
| outputs/stats/morality_mean_trans.tex            | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 39   | 4031               |
| outputs/stats/morality_means_diff.tex            | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 33   | 4031               |
| outputs/stats/morality_means_diff_p.tex          | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 34   | 4031               |
| outputs/stats/morality_rating_trans.tex          | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 189  | 4033               |
| outputs/stats/morality_rating_trans_sob.tex      | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 312  | 4035               |
| outputs/stats/morality_rating_trans_sob_p.tex    | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 315  | 4035               |
| outputs/stats/pval_het_group_characs_listener.tex | 8_results_appendix.R            | 2437 | 4047               |
| outputs/stats/pval_het_group_characs_discussion.tex | 8_results_appendix.R          | 2440 | 4047               |
| outputs/stats/pval_misper_control.tex            | 7_results_mechs.R                | 810  | 4229               |
| outputs/stats/misper_public.tex                  | 7_results_mechs.R                | 886  | 4244               |
| outputs/stats/misperc_accounting.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 516  | 4245               |
| outputs/stats/misper_accounting_lower.tex        | 7_results_mechs.R                | 516  | 4245               |
| outputs/stats/misper_accounting_upper.tex        | 7_results_mechs.R                | 516  | 4245               |
| outputs/stats/effect_norms.tex                   | 7_results_mechs.R                | 322  | 4246               |
| outputs/stats/effect_norms_perc.tex              | 7_results_mechs.R                | 328  | 4246               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_public_dominates.tex         | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2178 | 4305               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_public_dominates.tex         | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2175 | 4305               |
| outputs/stats/p_vals_public_non_observer.tex     | 4_results_main.R                 | 455  | 4306               |
| outputs/stats/effect_public_observer.tex         | 4_results_main.R                 | 466  | 4306               |
| outputs/stats/p_vals_public_observer.tex         | 4_results_main.R                 | 462  | 4306               |
| outputs/stats/attitude_effect_sd.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 251  | 4385               |
| outputs/stats/effect_of_announce_p05.tex         | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R     | 785  | 4486               |
| outputs/stats/prop_non_trans_false_pos.tex       | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 480  | 4856               |
| outputs/stats/item_value_gradient_raw.tex        | 7_results_mechs.R                | 92   | 4992, 4993, 4993   |
| outputs/stats/item_value_gradient_pp.tex         | 7_results_mechs.R                | 96   | 4992               |
| outputs/stats/baseline_discrim_raw.tex           | 7_results_mechs.R                | 87   | 4993, 4993         |
| outputs/stats/treatment_discrim_raw.tex          | 7_results_mechs.R                | 88   | 4993, 4993         |
| outputs/stats/se_note.tex                        | 3_results_prep.R                 | 251  | 5032               |
| outputs/stats/diff_group_predic_listener_vs_speakers.tex | 7_results_mechs.R         | 915  | 5278               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_group_predic_listener_vs_speakers.tex | 7_results_mechs.R        | 910  | 5278               |
| outputs/stats/mean_dominant.tex                  | 15_discussion_dynamics.R         | 72   | 5339               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_mean.tex           | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 471  | 5357               |
| outputs/stats/spoke_pro_trans_nobs.tex           | 26_discussion_debrief.R          | 251  | 5357               |
| outputs/stats/prop_choosing_only_saw.tex         | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 585  | 5885               |
| outputs/stats/prop_choosing_only_spoke.tex       | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 591  | 5885               |
| outputs/stats/prop_listener_silent.tex           | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 611  | 5885               |
| outputs/stats/prop_others_could_hear_answers_rev.tex | 10_results_descriptives.R    | 604  | 5887               |
| outputs/stats/salience_trans.tex                 | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 263  | 6399               |
| outputs/stats/salience_non_trans.tex             | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 265  | 6399               |
| outputs/stats/list_exp_coeff_list_a.tex          | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 355  | 6405               |
| outputs/stats/list_exp_coeff_list_b.tex          | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 360  | 6405               |
| outputs/stats/list_exp_p_diff.tex                | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 373  | 6405               |
| outputs/stats/prop_an_check1.tex                 | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 649  | 6438               |
| outputs/stats/prop_an_check2.tex                 | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 654  | 6438               |
| outputs/stats/ls_corr_basic.tex                  | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 186  | 6451               |
| outputs/stats/ls_corr_basic_p.tex                | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 192  | 6451               |
| outputs/stats/ls_corr_fes.tex                    | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 211  | 6451               |
| outputs/stats/ls_corr_fes_p.tex                  | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 222  | 6451               |
| outputs/stats/item_sensitivity.tex               | 4_results_main.R                 | 234  | 6705               |
| outputs/stats/statistical_discrim.tex            | 8_results_appendix.R             | 219  | 6713               |
| outputs/stats/diff_mf.tex                        | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2523 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/diff_mf_p.tex                      | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2524 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/diff_mf_disc_p.tex                 | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2527 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/eff_female.tex                     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2643 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/eff_female_p.tex                   | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2644 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/eff_female_male_only.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2655 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/eff_female_male_only_p.tex         | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2656 | 6717               |
| outputs/stats/p_vals_video_placebo_discussion.tex | 5_results_videos.R              | 651  | 6833               |
| outputs/stats/effect_belief_vid.tex              | 5_results_videos.R               | 380  | 6838               |
| outputs/stats/effect_belief_vid_perc.tex         | 5_results_videos.R               | 382  | 6838               |
| outputs/stats/coeff_amount_discussed_listener_trans.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R | 1769 | 6896              |
| outputs/stats/amount_discussed_listener_trans.tex | 9_results_mechs_discussion.R    | 1770 | 6896               |
| outputs/stats/pval_disagreement.tex              | 19_analyse_transcripts.R         | 32   | 6901               |
| outputs/stats/anon_trans_penalty.tex             | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1556 | 6936               |
| outputs/stats/anon_effect.tex                    | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1559 | 6938               |
| outputs/stats/anon_effect_p.tex                  | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1562 | 6938               |
| outputs/stats/effect_duration_discussion.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2301 | 7111               |
| outputs/stats/effect_duration_discussion_perc.tex | 8_results_appendix.R            | 2302 | 7111               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_dominated_mf_r2.tex          | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1933 | 7111               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_corr_duration_choice.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 2360 | 7111               |
| outputs/stats/purpose_2_mean.tex                 | 7_results_mechs.R                | 1412 | 7277               |
| outputs/stats/p_val_mem_check_diff_trans.tex     | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1570 | 7298               |
| outputs/stats/high_stakes_p_val.tex              | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1064 | 7312               |
| outputs/stats/f_purpose_0.tex                    | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 96   | 7403               |
| outputs/stats/f_purpose_0_p.tex                  | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 97   | 7403               |
| outputs/stats/f_purpose_2.tex                    | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 99   | 7403               |
| outputs/stats/f_purpose_2_p.tex                  | 10_results_descriptives.R        | 100  | 7403               |
| outputs/stats/n_high_stakes_sample.tex           | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1069 | 7450               |
| outputs/stats/n_low_stakes.tex                   | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1079 | 7450               |
| outputs/stats/n_high_stakes.tex                  | 8_results_appendix.R             | 1075 | 7450               |
| outputs/stats/discussion_length_words_lead_trans.tex | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 218 | 7466              |
| outputs/stats/discussion_ratio_lead_trans.tex    | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 223  | 7466               |
| outputs/stats/discussion_length_words_lead_non_trans.tex | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 219 | 7466          |
| outputs/stats/discussion_ratio_lead_non_trans.tex | 23_analyse_transcript_morality.R | 224 | 7466              |

